Protection against Physical Attacks

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BIOS Password, Problematic Interfaces, Screen Lock, Virtual Consoles, Login Screen, Side Channel Attacks

Introduction[edit]

Physical attacks require adversaries to have direct access to a user's computer and cannot be conducted remotely. This section should be read in conjunction with the Full Disk Encryption and Encrypted Images chapters.

BIOS Password[edit]

Info The instructions in this section refer to BIOS or legacy BIOS. Users with UEFI firmware should research specific instructions for their computer.

The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is non-volatile firmware which performs hardware initialization during the computer's booting process after it is powered on. It also provides runtime services for operating systems and progams. BIOS in modern PCs initialize and test system hardware components, as well as loading a boot loader or operating system from a mass memory device. The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is the successor to BIOS that was released in 2011. [1]

All local settings are stored in BIOS, including power options, boot options and memory information. The BIOS menu allows the user to set and change a boot password for the computer upon startup. An administrator password can also be set to prevent others from changing BIOS settings. To set a BIOS boot password: [2] [3]

  • Turn on / restart the computer.
  • Press the relevant key to access the BIOS menu. It is usually one of: Del, Esc, F2, F10, or F12.
  • Navigate to the Security or Password section using the arrow keys.
  • Search for an entry named "Password on boot" or similar.
  • Enter the new, strong password.
  • Save the changes made to BIOS settings. On most PCs, this is done by pressing Esc or F10 → Save and Exit. Check the bottom of the BIOS screen to be sure.
  • Reboot the computer and confirm a password prompt now appears.

For greater security, a password should be set to access the BIOS menu itself. Search the Security or Password BIOS menu for "Set supervisor password", "User password", "System password", or something similar. [4] Also, users may prefer to configure BIOS to only allow booting from HDD/SSD so the computer cannot be booted from CD-ROM or USB flash drives.

It should be noted that there are numerousarchive.org methodsarchive.org of bypassing, removing or resetting BIOS passwordsarchive.org, so this method will only prevent casual attempts to gain access.

Cold Boot Attacks[edit]

Check Cold Boot Attack Defense Section.

Evil Maid Attack[edit]

Check Anti Evil Maid Section.

Problematic Interfaces[edit]

There are a number of computer interfaces that pose the risk of a direct memory access (DMA) attackarchive.org. Potentially exploitable interfaces include ExpressCard, PCMCIA, FireWire, PCI, PCI Express or Thunderbolt.

High-speed expansion ports allow attackers to penetrate computers and other peripherals because the connected devices have direct hardware access to enable maximum throughput.

In practice, attached devices are permitted to read and write directly to memory, often without supervision of the operating system. This is in contrast to user-mode applications that are usually prevented from accessing memory locations that are not explicitly authorized by virtual memory controllers. [5]

A successful DMA attack on an unattended, live computer allows the adversary to: [6] [5] [7] [8]

  • Access sensitive cryptographic material in memory.
  • Circumvent FDE.
  • Inject executable code.
  • Partially or fully read the memory address space.
  • Read documents, files or other digital traces present in memory.
  • Take control of the entire system, for example via the network.
  • Unlock screensavers without a passphrase.

DMA attack software tools which mimic the abilities of state-level adversariesarchive.org are even available on GitHubarchive.org! [9] Mitigating the threat of a DMA attack requires mostly physical security countermeasures; it is recommended to:

  • Consider blocking or removing them completely.
  • Disable them in BIOS or UEFI.
  • Never allow unknown and potentially malicious devices to be inserted into these ports. [10]
  • Securely configure these interfaces.
  • Use IOMMUarchive.org technology if available, along with software which supports it, like Qubes. [11]
  • Use Linux kernel options to disable DMA by Firewire devices. Package security-misc is installed by default and implements this, see also package descriptionarchive.org).

Screen Lock[edit]

Info If a computer is left unattended, always lock the screen of the host or shut it down for greater safety.

Locking the screen on the host prevents others from viewing or using the device. It is advisable to set the screen to lock after a certain period of inactivity, and a strong password is recommended. Note that screen lockers provide notoriously weak protectionarchive.org, so do not overestimate their effectiveness. [12]

To manually lock the screen: [13] [14]

Linux

  • Menu panel → Lock Screen.
  • Shortcuts are specific to the desktop environment in use, for example, GNOME, KDE, Xfce and so on.

Recommendations:

  • Do not enable Alt + Crtl + Backspace to kill the X Server. Do not disable DontZap in Xorg configuration. [15] [16]

Virtual Consoles[edit]

Login Screen[edit]

It does not help much to lock the screen of a virtual machine (VM). If the host operating system (OS) is ever compromised, then any VMs it hosts are also effectively compromised. Therefore if anything, it is much better to lock the host screen. See also Screen Lock.

If a login screen in Kicksecure VMs is desired despite, this is possible. To enable a login screen in Kicksecure VMs it is required to disable autologin in Kicksecure VMs, see disable autologin.

Side Channel Attacks[edit]

Info Kicksecure does not provide protection against most side-channel attacksarchive.org.

Side-channel attacks are made possible by physical effects caused by cryptosystem operations (on the side) which provide extra information about system secrets like cryptographic keys, state information, or full/partial plaintexts. Wikipedia defines side-channel attacks as: [18]

...any attack based on information gained from the physical implementation of a cryptosystem, rather than brute force or theoretical weaknesses in the algorithms (compare cryptanalysis). For example, timing information, power consumption, electromagnetic leaks or even sound can provide an extra source of information, which can be exploited to break the system.

Side-channels emerge because computation takes place on a non-ideal system, composed of transistors, wires, power supplies, memory, and peripherals. Component characteristics vary with the instructions and data that are processed, allowing measurable variance to be used by attackers. [19]

Table: Primary Side-channel Attack Classes [18]

Attack Class Description
Acoustic Cryptanalysis Sound produced during computation is used for attacks.
Cache Attacks Attackers monitor cache accesses made by the user in shared physical systems like virtualized environments or cloud services.
Data Remanence Sensitive data are read after supposedly being deleted.
Differential Fault Analysis Secrets are discovered by introducing faults in a computation.
Electromagnetic Attacks Leaked electromagnetic radiation allows attacks that can provide plaintexts and other information. Cryptographic keys can be inferred via this method; for example, see TEMPESTarchive.org.
Optical Secrets and sensitive data are read by visual recordings with a high resolution camera, or other devices.
Power-monitoring Attacks Attacks use measurements of varying hardware power consumption during computation.
Software-initiated Fault Attacks Row hammerarchive.org is an example of this attack, whereby off-limits memory is changed by rapidly accessing adjacent memory, leading to state retention loss.
Timing Attacks Attacks are based on measuring how long various computations take to perform, such as the attacker's password compared to the user's unknown one.

While Kicksecure has some limited countermeasures to side-channel attacks, in general it cannot provide protection against most classes, nor hardware keyloggersarchive.org, TEMPEST, miniature cameras and so on. Full disk encryption is also helpless against these attacks.

For further reading on this complex topic, see herearchive.org, herearchive.org and herearchive.org.

See Also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOSarchive.org
  2. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20220803213740/https://www.techwalla.com/articles/how-to-change-the-administrator-password-in-biosarchive.org
  3. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210430031204/https://www.intowindows.com/how-to-set-bios-or-uefi-password-in-windows-10/archive.org
  4. ↑ If the system has both a supervisor password and a user password, then set passwords for both.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMA_attackarchive.org
  6. ↑ https://louwrentius.com/firewire-the-forgotten-security-risk.htmlarchive.org
  7. ↑ https://privatecore.com/resources-overview/physical-memory-attacks/index.htmlarchive.org
  8. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170427144955/https://www.delaat.net/rp/2011-2012/p14/report.pdfarchive.org
  9. ↑ This is not an endorsement for the use of hacking tools.
  10. ↑ This is another reason why high-risk users should never leave their devices unattended.
  11. ↑ IOMMU maps device-visible virtual addresses to physical addresses. The security benefit is that operating systems that are run in guest virtualized machines -- AppVMs in Qubes -- do not know the physical memory addresses on the host that are being accessed. This makes DMA attacks very difficult and can lead to memory corruption if attempted.
  12. ↑ Attacks that have bypassed screen lockers on most platforms can easily be found online.
  13. ↑ https://www.isunshare.com/windows-10/3-ways-to-lock-windows-10-computer.htmlarchive.org
  14. ↑ https://swissmacuser.ch/new-lock-screen-feature-in-macos-high-sierra/archive.org
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 https://forums.whonix.org/t/screen-locker-in-security-can-we-disable-these-at-least-4-backdoors/8128archive.org
  16. ↑ Quote xscreensaver FAQarchive.org:

    Backdoor #1: Ctrl-Alt-Backspace

    This keystroke kills the X server, and on some systems, leaves you at a text console. If the user launched X11 manually, that text console will still be logged in. [...]

  17. ↑ Quote xscreensaver FAQarchive.org:

    Backdoor #2: Ctrl-Alt-F1 , Ctrl-Alt-F2 , etc.

    These keystrokes will switch to a different virtual console, while leaving the console that X11 is running on locked. If you left a shell logged in on another virtual console, it is unprotected. So don’t leave yourself logged in on other consoles. You can disable VT switching globally and permanently by setting DontVTSwitch in your xorg.conf, but that might make your system harder to use.

  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-channel_attackarchive.org
  19. ↑ http://rootlabs.com/articles/IEEE_SideChannelAttacks.pdfarchive.org

License[edit]

Kicksecure Protection Against Physical Attacks wiki page Copyright (C) Amnesia <amnesia at boum dot org>
Kicksecure Protection Against Physical Attacks wiki page Copyright (C) 2012 - 2024 ENCRYPTED SUPPORT LP <

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