This concept is generic. Works for both, hosts and VMs. Both, Whonix and non-Whonix (Kicksecure).

1 Grub Default Boot Menu Entries
2 boot modes considered too unimportant to be added to grub default boot menu
3 Use Cases for the Different Boot Modes
4 opt-out to get same behavior as old Whonix
5 /etc/grub.d file names
6 Terminology
7 Capabilities of secureroot vs superroot
8 Server Support
9 Implementation
10 Related
11 Footnotes

Grub Default Boot Menu Entries[edit]

PERSISTENT mode USER (For daily activities.)
LIVE mode USER (For daily activities.)
PERSISTENT mode SECUREADMIN (For software installation.)
PERSISTENT mode SUPERADMIN (Be very cautious!)
Recovery PERSISTENT mode SUPERADMIN (Be very cautious!)

boot modes considered too unimportant to be added to grub default boot menu[edit]

LIVE mode SECUREADMIN
LIVE mode SUPERADMIN
Recovery LIVE mode SUPERADMIN

I don’t see good use cases for these. But could be convinced otherwise with user feedback.

If anyone cares about these, there could be files in /etc/grub.d/ folder that add such entries but these files could be non-executable by default. Thereby update-grub would ignore them. To opt-in into such modes, users could just run sudo chmod +x /etc/grub.d/somenumber_name-of-boot-mode.

Also users who really want something special/custom would be able to add whatever they want to /etc/grub.d/ folder / grub boot menu.

Also by using grub boot menu editing (key e) at grub boot menu, kernel parameters can be adjusted and any combination would be possible.

Use Cases for the Different Boot Modes[edit]

PERSISTENT mode USER (For daily activities.): Useful for browsing, e-mail, chat, etc. or just letting an already set up and installed server run. Even upgrading through upgrade-nonroot.
LIVE mode USER (For daily activities.): Same as above but without persistence.
PERSISTENT mode SECUREADMIN (For software installation.): users could run sudo apt install whatever-software-package, then reboot into USER. Editing /etc/apt/sources.list.d among many other things ^[archive] prohibited for better security.
PERSISTENT mode SUPERADMIN (Be very cautious!): users could add foreign sources to /etc/apt/sources.list.d or do anything (full freedom), then (optional but advisable) reboot to SECUREADMIN mode, install packages from third party repositories.
Recovery PERSISTENT mode SUPERADMIN (Be very cautious!): The usual recovery mode.

opt-out to get same behavior as old Whonix[edit]

Users who don’t like (any, multiple or all) of the new options...

PERSISTENT mode USER (For daily activities.) [A]
LIVE mode USER (For daily activities.) [B]
PERSISTENT mode SECUREADMIN (For software installation.) [C]

and who want "the old Whonix" "with unrestricted sudo" (PERSISTENT mode SUPERADMIN) back, who don't want to see any of the new options [A], [B], [C]... These could just make these /etc/grub.d folder / grub menu entries gone by running sudo chmod -x /etc/grub.d/somenumber_name-of-boot-mode. (There could be a script to simplify that.)

/etc/grub.d file names[edit]

filename                                     purpose

/etc/grub.d/10_linux                         PERSISTENT mode USER
/etc/grub.d/11_linux_live                    LIVE mode USER
/etc/grub.d/12_linux_secureadmin             PERSISTENT mode SECUREADMIN
/etc/grub.d/13_linux_secureadmin_live        LIVE mode SECUREADMIN
/etc/grub.d/14_linux_superadmin              PERSISTENT mode SUPERADMIN
/etc/grub.d/15_linux_superadmin_live         LIVE mode SUPERADMIN
/etc/grub.d/16_linux_recovery_mode           PERSISTENT mode SUPERADMIN
/etc/grub.d/17_linux_recovery_mode_live      Recovery LIVE mode SUPERADMIN

Should stay in lexical order below files named /etc/grub.d/20_ because that is already used by an existing script.

Note: some files will not be created in the first iteration (and not sure ever) - those listed in chapter Boot modes considered too unimportant to be added to grub default boot menu: in my post above.

Terminology[edit]

secure admin mode vs user secureadmin vs secureroot: When booting into secure admin mode, the user will be logged in as user secureadmin. In secureadmin mode, when running sudo something the command will effectively run as secureroot (untrusted root).
super admin mode vs user super admin vs superroot: When booting into super admin mode, the user will be logged in as user superadmin. In super admin mode, when running sudo something the command will effectively run as superroot (unrestricted root).
untrusted root: A command running as root but with restrictions applied by apparmor-profile-everything.
unrestricted root: When running sudo something, the behavior will be the same as on most Linux distributions such as Debian where root can do everything that root can usually do on such Linux distributions.

Capabilities of secureroot vs superroot[edit]

secureroot will be untrusted root, therefore restricted but can still:

install packages
change most system settings

secureroot cannot by design:

change anything that could lead to superroot
change the running kernel
replace bootloader (only if APT does this due to an upgrade)
uninstall certain packages required to enforce the separation of secureroot and superroot such as for example apparmor-profile-apparmor

superroot by design will be able to do everything.

Server Support[edit]

grub boot menu isn’t easily accessible for many/most servers. How would these various boot modes be available for servers? No solution yet. See forum discussion: https://forums.whonix.org/t/multiple-boot-modes-for-better-security-persistent-user-live-user-persistent-admin-persistent-superadmin-persistent-recovery-mode/7708/50 ^[archive]

Implementation[edit]

Related[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

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Multiple Boot Modes for Better Security - an Implementation of Untrusted Root

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